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Threats in the Sub-antarctic

Trawl Fisheries

Climate Change

Disease

Trawl Fisheries

Then came the fishing fleets

History of fishing in the sub-antarctic - arrow squid trawl fishery established on Auckland Island and Snares shelf in 1970s (C n G 1998). Bycatch quickly became apparent and in 1982 a 12nm exclusion zone around the Auckland Islands was established (C n G 1998 cBaird 1996) 17-40 sea lions per year estimated 1988-95 (C n G 1998 cBaird 1996). Reported bycatch of 123 in one season (C n G 1998). Decline of 50% within 64 years modelled (C n G 1998 cDoonan & Cawthorn 1984). Catch limit of 63 sea lions set in 1993 (C n G 1998). The management strategy in 2016 may have an unsustainable goal as population target may be too low (Collins et al., 2016).

History of by-catch

Competition for food - Carrying capacity of the environment may have declined since anthropogenic pressure on prey but the sea lions flexibility of prey selection may help them (Collins et al., 2016).

Disease

Disease

Invermectin - Michael et al 2021

Invermectin -

Climate Change

Climate change

High pup mortality on Campbell Island potentially due to exposure Maloney et al. 2012

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Life in the Sub-antarctic

Work in the Sub-antarctic

Sub-antarctic Population